Osmotic backwash experiments were conducted and analytical model was developed in attempt to describe the backwash mechanism. A single unit of a spiral wound RO membrane was used in the experiments. The RO membrane was fed by salted water solution. Permeate flux characteristics of the membrane were determined through steadystate RO experiments. Then the system was shiRed immediately to a backwa...

economic imbalances and social disparities are a common feature of developmenteconomies, particularly those which have historical antecedents of colonial rule. the study ofregional imbalances is given focus especially to southeast asian countries owing to its renewedimportance in the global order. post independent india had to tackle with several problems at theoutset, regional imbalance and ec...

Anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) can produce high-quality effluents through effective solid-liquid separation using microfiltration. During the operation of the membrane bioreactor system, membrane fouling is one of the main problems. Several models have been proposed to understand the mechanisms of fouling of the membrane. Usually, cake formation and pore blocking are found to be the main...

The influence of backwashing on biological perchlorate reduction was evaluated in two laboratory scale fixed bed biofilm reactors using 1- or 3-mm glass beads as support media. Influent perchlorate concentrations were 50 microg/L and acetate was added as the electron donor at a concentration of 2 mg C/L. Perchlorate removal was evaluated at various influent dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations....

A mechanistic model was derived for direct flow microfiltration (MF), one which lends more insight into the factors that control MF performance compared to a statistical curve-fitting procedure that is often used to estimate chemical cleaning intervals at pilot-scale. This theoretical approach to MF fouling was based on fundamental feed water, membrane, and cake characteristics and was shown to...

The effect of backwash frequency (15, 30 and 60 min) and influent flux (3.75, 7.50 and 11.25 L/h/m) on fouling amelioration in an innovative external side-stream dead-end microfiltration anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) for the treatment of domestic wastewater at 25EC was investigated. During 6 months of reactor operation, a constant COD removal of 88% and an accumulation of 350 mg TSS/L/d...

Identification of Tsunami deposits has long been a controversial issue among geologists. Although there are many identification criteria based on the sedimentary characteristics of unequivocal Tsunami deposits, the concept still remains ambiguous. Apart from relying on some conventional geological, sedimentological, and geoscientific records, geologists need some alternative "proxies" to identi...

The membrane filtration with inside-out dead-end driven UF-/MF- capillary membranes is an effective process for particle removal in water treatment. Its industrial application increased in the last decade exponentially. To date, the research activities in this field were aimed first of all at the analysis of filtration phenomena disregarding the influence of backwash on the operation parameters...

Abstract Microcoagulation has recently been considered as a promising pretreatment for an ultrafiltration (UF) process from numerous studies. To investigate the effects of microcoagulation on performance UF–reverse osmosis (RO) system treating wastewater with high and fluctuant salinity, different dosages coagulant (poly-aluminum chloride) were added prior to UF unit in pilot-scale UF–RO 10-wee...

Few studies empirically estimate the effects of metropolitan growth on nonmetropolitan communities at a national scale. This paper estimates the growth effects of 276 MSAs on population in 1,988 nonmetropolitan communities in the United States from 2000 to 2007. We estimate the distance for growth spillovers from MSAs to nonmetropolitan communities and test the assumption that a single MSA infl...